The first two-dimensional images were thus not two-dimensional representations of three-dimensional things in the material world, as researchers have always assumed. Rather, they were ‘fixed’ mental images.

The first two-dimensional images were thus not two-dimensional representations of three-dimensional things in the material world, as researchers have always assumed. Rather, they were ‘fixed’ mental images.

James David Lewis-Williams
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There were at least four contexts in which San shamans acquired insights into the spiritual world: – the trance dance, – special curing rituals, – viewing rock art, and – dreams.

James David Lewis-Williams
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A shaman’s activities as a sorcerer, or his own conscious act of entry into the supernatural world, were a kind of “killing”.

James David Lewis-Williams, The Mind in the Cave: Consciousness and the Origins of Art
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Entering a cave” or rock was a metaphor for a shaman’s altered state; therefore, caves (and rocks more generally) were considered entrances or portals to the supernatural world.

James David Lewis-Williams, The Mind in the Cave: Consciousness and the Origins of Art
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In Lascaux and other sites, hoofs are depicted to show their underside, or hoofprint.

James David Lewis-Williams, The Mind in the Cave: Consciousness and the Origins of Art
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Once human beings had developed higher-order consciousness, they had the ability to see mental images projected onto surfaces and to experience afterimages.

James David Lewis-Williams, The Mind in the Cave: Consciousness and the Origins of Art
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Improved memory made possible the long-term recollection of dreams and visions and the construction of those recollections into a spirit world.

James David Lewis-Williams, The Mind in the Cave: Consciousness and the Origins of Art
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I believe it is reasonable to assume that higher-order consciousness developed neurologically in Africa before the second wave of emigration to the Middle East and Europe.

James David Lewis-Williams, The Mind in the Cave: Consciousness and the Origins of Art
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Shamanism is not simply a component of society: on the contrary, shamanism, together with its tiered cosmos, can be said to be the overall framework of society.

James David Lewis-Williams, The Mind in the Cave: Consciousness and the Origins of Art
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The ‘wounded men’ may, I argue, represent a form of shamanistic suffering, ‘death’ and initiation that was closely associated with somatic hallucinati

James David Lewis-Williams, The Mind in the Cave: Consciousness and the Origins of Art
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Shamans submit to death in order to serve their communities.

James David Lewis-Williams, The Mind in the Cave: Consciousness and the Origins of Art
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